Joseph Nicephore Niepce (March 7, 1765 - July 5, 1833) - French inventor, best known as the pioneer of photography.

Since the time of Rembrandt’s etchings were prepared for lacquer-based asphalt. At the end of the XVIII century it became known that the asphalt becomes light and brightens and loses its solubility under the exposure. Niepce had an idea: to put the finishing touches on etching, not scratching lacquer, and acting on the surface of the light.

Niepce knew that the asphalt becomes light and brightens and loses its solubility in kerosene. Powdered asphalt dissolves in lavender oil. And this solution, using swabs from the thin skin rubbing different substrates - glass, zinc, copper, silver plate, lithographic stone. Asphalt - a substance, insensitive to light. Therefore, the first Niepce experimented with it without a camera obscura. He covered a glass plate with a thin layer of asphalt solution, after drying, copied it by direct sunlight, engraving, paper substrate which was oiled to make it more transparent to light. After that he put the plate into a saucer with a mixture of lavender oil and kerosene, which dissolves the asphalt in places protected from light lines of engraving. After washing with water and drying the plate slightly brown image prints were remained.

Until today, this method is used in a variety of options, but it was completely unsuitable for photographic applications. The fact that the varnish can pass acid, with which the copper board is hounded, or do not miss it. Therefore, the Niepce process is suitable only for playing line drawings. That the inventor did not realize until the end of his days trying to do the impossible. Again and again he has exhibited and washed in a solvent boards, covered with asphalt varnish. He got weak, but quite a clear picture. Then he began etching, but nothing worked. Light did insoluble at different depths only the top layer of asphalt, solvent removed it from completely unexposed areas and penetrated by a partially changed, weakening them. In these places acid etched unevenly - just across the defects of the layer. A defect was greater, the thinner the layer of insoluble, so something like the transmission of tones yet happened, but very rude. In addition, because of the low sensitivity of asphalt exposure was very high: even on a bright sunny day at one shot took about eight hours.

In 1826 Niepce with the camera - obscura on a metal plate coated with a thin layer of asphalt shot the view from the window of his studio. He shot and called it heliography (solar design). The exposition lasted eight hours. The image was of very poor quality, and the place was barely distinguishable. But from that snapshot photography began.

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Louis Jacques Mande Daguerre (November 18, 1787 - July 10, 1851) - French artist and inventor, one of the creators of photography.

According to legend, in the summer of 1835 Daguerre after another unsuccessful shooting, when the plates have not received any pictures, put them away in a cabinet with chemicals. Opening it a few days later, he was surprised to see a bright positive image on polished silver. Guessing that the case is in the vapor of some substances that were stored in a locker, he chose the simplest method for sorting and successive elimination of reasons: everyday he put in a cabinet the new exposed plate removing the chemicals one by one. And found that the conversion of the sensitive layer caused by a few drops of mercury from a broken thermometer. Daguerre himself wrote about it: “I was so overwhelmed by many previous disappointments that did not even feel joy. Do not forget that this discovery came only after eleven years of disappointing experiments that oppressed my spirit.” Almost another two years left in search of the fixing composition - sodium chloride solution.

This still life picture Daguerre handed to the Louvre in 1837as proof of his success.

Daguerreotype - a way to directly obtain a positive image when shooting. It is the first practical method of photography. It lies in the fact that the silvered copper plate is carefully polished, then just before the shooting was treated with iodine vapor, resulting in a thin layer of light-sensitive silver iodide. Under the action of light in this layer appears a latent image, shown by mercury vapor. The resulting image is fixed with a solution of sodium thiosulfate. This method lasted until the invention of moist collodion process in 1851. It was necessary to extract tens of minutes to capture the silver plate of any kind at least in general terms. Take pictures of people was practically impossible. To take a picture of a man, his face was “whiteout” with chalk and the hair was sprinkled with powder - more rays of light reflected from the face and hair fell in the camera obscura then. Even so, it was necessary to sit before the camera in the sun for a long time. Drawing on the plate was difficult to consider: unpleasantly struck high gloss image. In addition, the image was very fragile, easily erased at the slightest touch.

August 19, 1839 way daguerreotype was announced at a joint meeting of the two academies - Science and Fine Arts. A brochure describing the process during the year stood 29 editions in France and six abroad, and enthusiasm for a daguerreotype was universal and in a few weeks it was spread throughout the world.

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Camera obscura (Latin. Samera - room and armor. Obscura - dark) - the simplest form of camera. It is a light-tight box with a hole in one wall and a screen (ground glass or a thin white paper) on the opposite wall. Rays of light passing through the hole, creating the image on the screen.

The first camera obscura was represented by a darkened room (or large boxes) with a hole in one wall. Mention of the camera obscura is found as far back as the 5th century BC. - Chinese philosopher Tu Mi described the emergence of pictures on the wall of a darkened room. Mention of the camera obscura is found in Aristotle.

Arabian physicist and mathematician of X century Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen), who studied the camera obscura, concluded the linearity of the propagation of light. Apparently the camera obscura was first used for drawings from life of Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519). He also described it in detail in his “Treatise on Painting.”

In 1686 Johannes Zahn has designed a portable camera obscura fitted with a mirror at an angle of 45

Here are some tips that will help you become a real professional in this business.

1. Learn digital photography.

This might seem too simple and vague. If you’re an aspiring photographer, you learn the art of photography and improve skills that will help you to make great pictures. If you have already achieved something and are good at traditional photography, then learn everything related to art digital photography. You just have to be skilled photographer, having all the knowledge and skills necessary to create different photographic images using digital photography. For example, it is important to know all the limitations and advantages of digital photography when shooting indoors with low light, as well as ways to correct the defect received training and improvement. Error on your part is inevitable - because you’re not a robot - and it will be unnoticed errors, and you have to know what can be done to correct such errors, in order not to call to unhappy bride and groom and tell them the bad news. Practice shows that the half of photograph is spoiled due to defects in films, and most of these shots could have been saved if the digital technology has been applied.

2. Learn the basics of wedding photography.

There are two ways to implement this advice. The first way - self-education. Buy magazines devoted to wedding celebrations, look for books and articles on the art of making pictures at the wedding and thoroughly learn all these materials. Check out the types of photos that touch people, and scenes that they prefer. You can also be a bit “cheat” - go to a photo studio, engaged in professional photography of weddings, and ask to see samples of their work, or simply watch those who posted them on the stands. The second way is - more difficult. Offer your services of the assistant of the wedding photographer. In this case, you will learn many methods and techniques, as well as receive invaluable advice that will never find in any textbook. You will get acquainted with the work of a wedding photographer in the process.

3. Planning.

Photo shoot at wedding celebrations requires much more preparation and planning than many other types of photography. In this sense, the biggest difficulty is the transition from other genres of photography at the wedding. Here, when you press the shutter on your camera, you must have clear understanding of each scene, light level, the location and sequence of shots. Some photographers go to that they prepare the layout still frames, the outline of each image, so they know when the photo was done. In this case, specify the appropriate camera settings for each frame. Perhaps some of this may seem redundant, because it is still impossible to foresee everything, but this approach the probability of failure is reduced almost to zero.

4. Practice - the mother of success.

Offer your services for free unofficial photographer for all types of events to friends, relatives and friends. If you feel that you are ready, offer your services at weddings, or simply ask for permission to take photos in addition to those already hired a professional. Ask permission from the chief photographer and do not disturb him. Direct practice will gain invaluable experience and will learn to choose the best exposure and lighting, and accustom to use the flash on a regular basis. Nothing develops skills better then workshops.

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If you plan to advance the use of Zoom effects, you should pay attention to the selection of films. Since the photos are taken on long exposures, the film should take a low-sensitivity or the surplus of light gray gradational apply filters. Zoom effect reduces the contrast, so it is advisable to use the film with higher contrast and saturation than for example used in portrait photography.

As bright areas in the smearing begin to cover the shade, it would be nice to introduce -0,5 EV exposure compensation or 1EV, in order the picture will not look too flat.

During shooting, the focal length can be varied from small to large or vice versa, the result is not affected.

For recording it is desirable to choose subjects with a distinct bright object, otherwise it will be simply the blurred image. You should also avoid falling into the frame of a large number of different objects.

Unusual effect can be obtained if the combined shooting a moving object with a wired camera and Zoom effect.

What is disadvantage in conventional photography can be an advantage when using the Zoom effect. Such as flash photography on the film for daylight, with the main light bulbs, leads to the background of an ugly yellow background, while using the Zoom effect can turn a nice smooth color transition from blue in the foreground to the yellow in the background.

Any clear instructions on how and at what shutter speed necessary to change the focal length does not exist and should be ready, the result can be both positive and negative.

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One of the main requirements for landscape photography is the sharpness of the image, so you must use a tripod, even under good lighting. It is also desirable to use the cable release shutter.

- The use of polarizing filters gives good result, which eliminate glare from reflective surfaces and make the colors more saturated.

- Try to change the shooting angle, since the position of the horizon line is very strongly affect the final result.

- Try to shoot at the side or rear-side illumination, when the shadows well emphasize the structure of the landscape. At noon, at the high standing sun, the landscape looks flat. Good images are obtained shortly before sunset or after sunrise.

- Filming is preferable to produce lenses with a focal length of 35mm or less. Focus on the posterior third of the frame. For richer color, when shooting color negative film, overexposure +1 / 2EV or +1 EV is possible.

- If you want to take some particular place, try it at different times of day and under different weather conditions. Often spectacular images are obtained shortly before or shortly after the abrupt change in weather.

- During the day, the color temperature varies greatly from light reddish after sunrise and before sunset until blue in the middle of the day. Use filters to bring the color temperature to the necessary for a normal exposure of film.

- Color Photo Filters help to achieve the desired tonal effect when using a black and white film brightened or obscuring certain colors in the picture.

- When using a black and white film it is very important to transfer the tonal range that is necessary to select the exposure so that details were worked, as in the shadows and into the light.

Photographing children.

- It is not desirable to use the flash when shooting babies. Better use a highly sensitive film and natural light.

- A part of some object-of-focus in the foreground can be included to create a perspective effect in the picture.

- When taking a few children it is better not to force them to look into the camera but stand aside and wait until they all will be inside the frame during the game.

- As children are almost always in motion, it is necessary to use faster shutter speeds from 1 / 125 sec. In order to transmit the picture movement of the object, you can use wired cameras. Set the shutter speed 1 / 60 or 1 / 30 must move the camera behind the object and gently press the shutter button. In this case, the background will blur, and the object will sharp.

- The best shots are always obtained when the shooting is suddenly made, but this does not preclude the need to pre-occupy the most advantageous position in order the object was well lit and pre-set all exposure parameters.

- In order the details of the background do not detract from the main subject on the street you can try to shoot from a low level to let the only object and the sky were in the frame.

- Shots with a baby-faced are very expressive, holding the entire area of the frame. For this survey, use a lens with focal length 90 mm to avoid distortion.

- As a rule beginning photographers make pictures of children standing up, with the height of its growth.

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The fact that bad weather is at the street does not mean that the camera must lie at home. On the contrary, the most expressive images can be made in bad weather.

- Pictures that were taken during the rain look more saturated due to the fact that the wet surface has deeper colors than the dry one. This is especially noticeable when shooting landscapes in the spring.

- To transfer the movement of water you should shoot with the shutter speeds slower than 1 / 60 sec.

- When shooting in overcast foggy day, when all the colors are faded and have gray shades, and contours are soft and contrasts are low, a color-rich object which is placed in the foreground will give a lively view to the snapshot, such as bright red or yellow item of clothing.

- The most interesting landscape images are obtained, usually shortly before or immediately after an abrupt change in weather.

- Polarizing filter eliminates glare from the water surface and they make a picture of the water more alive.

- In rainy weather, good pictures are obtained at night shootings in the city, when there are many of luminous objects. If you set the camera in a low position, almost at the ground level it is very interesting and fascinating to look at the reflection of light.

- Rather spectacular images are obtained before the storm, when most of the sky is covered with black clouds, and the landscape is illuminated by the sun that has not yet closed by the clouds.

- When shooting in the fog the best results are obtained when taking the short-focus lenses. The portraits shot in the fog will seem to be attractive and very soft. When shooting in the fog it is desirable to produce either spot metering or to make an exposure in a step upper from the one that the camera recommends. It is recommended the films with high contrast and saturated color.

- In very cold weather, the efficiency of power supplies often drops. In cold weather, Ni-Cad power is more efficient. To preserve the ability to shoot in any frost, keep your batteries in a pocket close to your body to keep them warm, and paste them directly into the camera before shooting.

- When shooting during a snowfall or shooting with the inclusion of a large frame snow surfaces, images are obtained underexposed, if you do not enter positive exposure compensation.

- When shooting in bad weather, be sure to use neutral or UV filters. It is much easier to clean the filter than the lens and good protective filters have virtually no effect on the quality of the image.

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In order to obtain good results when shooting nudes it is recommend heeding the following advice:

- Before shooting first consider good what result you want and what must express your picture, just the image of a naked body without a design, as a rule is of no interest.

- Prepare for the shooting. Long-term measurements, as a rule do not work. Think about how and how much you will shoot before the shoot, not during it. Everything must happen quickly and in a relaxed atmosphere.

- Engage the model in a result. For this show any previously made pictures and discuss them. A good result is possible only with the mutual interest of both parties. Even if you do not like any suggestions from the opposite side, still take a few shots, if you do not like them, then you will simply drop them.

- When shooting a nude model use the same techniques as in the portraiture. Main attention should be paid to the lighting, which emphasizes the shape and volume. Preferred soft diffused light, however directional light in some cases gives good results. When shooting in the sun, use reflectors (large white sheets or mirrors) to illuminate the shadows, placing them outside the frame.

- Try to use multiple light sources. Even low-power built-in flash with natural light can improve the outcome.

- Use a variety of films. For example, using a highly sensitive grained film you can get an interesting artistic effect by the grain and at the same time take pictures in low light conditions.

- Natural daylight and natural surroundings are most preferred.

- Focuses on trimming. In the first phase will be much better to take pictures of body parts, but not all of it. Try to get an unusual effect that uses the colors and accessories as an unusual expense of trimming and building lines within the frame.

- When choosing a film, keep in mind that black and white film is easier to get a good result. In this case, the picture is a more abstract and the focus can be given to composition and lighting, not caring about the color composition.

- It is desirable to use lenses with a focal length of 80-100 mm, as in portraiture. The focal length of 135 mm gives good results when shooting outdoors on a full-length. It should be remembered that in order to get a good blur the background aperture lenses are necessary. Wide-angle lenses give strong perspective distortions and may only be used to produce special effects.

- Some photographers without much success are trying to do body painting, do not forget that should not only be a good photographer for this, but a good artist. For those who are obsessed with this idea we may advise the following. Put the model into a dark room and put it on a black background. Take a simple overhead projector, put it all slide and focus the image on the model. Moving the projector and changing slides, you can get some very interesting figures on the model. The only limitation is the need to make shooting with a tripod and measure light directly on the parts of the model body. Highlighting can be made by weak light sources. When shooting color film it is better to use a conversion filter. Note that the model should not move, as the shutter is long. It is better to do the shoot with bracketing.

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It is possible when shooting a portrait, the following tips will help you:

- When taking a portrait it is very important to convey the character and feelings of man. It is therefore desirable to establish the confidence contact with him and shoot at not very large distances. Some photographers have even used this lens with a focal length of less than common. Need to take some pictures, trying to catch the moment when the facial expression more fully shows the nature of a man.

- It is often used Soft lenses to increase the artistic effect and filters that allow you to better convey the texture of human skin.

- The color of human skin is very important at portrait photography, so there are special film for portraiture. With the usual amateur films can also get good results, but should not take the film which transfer color in very saturated way.

- Avoid shooting in the sun when dark shadows are obtained.

- Lenses with focal length 80-135mm are usually used for shooting portraits. If you want to blur the background, then this should be possible to open the aperture. Significant perspective distortions are obtained when using wide angle lenses.

- It does not necessarily to have the camera at eye level. You can try to change the height and angle of shooting, but not in a very large range or you might get a caricature portrait. Slight decrease in point shooting makes the image model slimmer.

- Use a variety of focal lengths to increase or decrease the future. The use of long lens makes the image flat and as it brings the background. Some photographers to get right proportions of the figure shoot telephoto lens from a distance and talk with the model via the radio.

- Great importance should be given to the background. It should not include details that distract from the main figure. It is best to take him out of the zone of sharpening by slightly open the aperture. In the background there should be random or drop out of the general composition of the frame of subjects. Typically, the best result is obtained when the background is flat.

- Portrait looks better in a vertical arrangement of the frame. At the same time eye level is preferably located at a distance of one third from the bottom or top of the frame in order to attract more attention.

- When shooting at the street the horizon line often prevents, in order to get rid of this problem you must lower or raise the level to which you are shooting.

- The worst decision in the portrait is a frontal lighting, such as built-in flash. The object of the image looks flat and clearly shows the reflection of light on the skin.

- Shadows appear under the eyes and nose when illuminating by light from above or the reflection of light flash from the ceiling. To reduce them you can put a white reflector near.

- If you place the light source at the bottom, then it will give the image a mysterious, mystical appearance.

- Beautiful flat background is obtained by shooting against the light (eg in front of the window) with prolonged exposure. In this case, the contour of the figure is obtained interesting lighting effects, it seems to be blurred. Good results can also be obtained if to highlight the object by the flash in front of backlit, it turns normally exposed image in the plain white background. Should ensure that the direct rays of light sources did not get into the shot.

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And bear in mind that we live in the world of high online technologies. It would be intelligent to avail oneself of the Internet network to find anything on the best terms available on the market. Search engines, social networks, blogs and forums - all this will assist you to make a decision on many issues.